Copyright© 2002 by Richard W. Eastman. All rights reserved.

As announced last week, there is no sponsor for this newsletter. For the past seven days my inbox has been overflowing with comments, and many more messages are posted on the message board for this newsletter. I want to thank everyone for their support and ideas; it has been gratifying to read all the comments.

As mentioned last week, I am looking for new funding to keep the newsletter in operation. Many people this week suggested that the newsletter become subscription-based, a method by which subscribers would pay a monthly or annual fee to receive the newsletter. The idea is appealing, but it also creates a host of questions.

First of all, would the readers be willing to pay a subscription fee for this newsletter? If so, how much is a newsletter subscription worth? Perhaps there is not enough interest to support paid subscriptions. If not, should the newsletter cease publication? I do not know the answers; only the readers can answer these questions. I need your input.

The poll asks for the maximum price that you would pay for this newsletter. The choices are:

• Zero - I would not pay for the newsletter.
• $5.00 per year, roughly 10 cents per issue.
• $10.00 per year, roughly 20 cents per issue.
• $15.00 per year, roughly 30 cents per issue.
• $20.00 per year, roughly 40 cents per issue.
• More than $20.00 per year.

You can select any one of the above, so please choose the highest amount that you feel is appropriate. You will notice that the poll is completely private; there is no place to enter your name or e-mail address and no method of determining who voted for each option. You are not making any commitments, only offering your opinion.

Assuming enough newsletter readers select a price higher than zero, there is an excellent chance the newsletter can continue. The questions then become "How many subscribers?" and "Will the income be sufficient to cover the expenses and (hopefully) generate a profit?" Again, the online poll will supply most of the answers.

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The New England Historic Genealogical Society has a new Windows and Macintosh CD-ROM that will be of interest to anyone searching for Irish ancestry. Its coverage is not limited to New England; it contains information from all over the U.S. as well as some information about the Irish in Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. This week I had a chance to use "The Search for Missing Friends – Irish Immigrant Advertisements Placed in The Boston Pilot, 1831-1920," edited by Ruth-Ann M. Harris and B. Emer O'Keefe. I used this disk on a Windows 2000 system although I suspect that its operation is similar on other Windows and Macintosh computers.

During the Potato Famine and for many years thereafter, the Irish immigration disrupted thousands of families. Siblings, parents, and even married couples often took separate routes to America, Canada, Australia, or other lands to seek a better life. Once established in their newly adopted countries, many of these Irish immigrants expended a lot of effort in an attempt to locate other family members who had also left their homes in Ireland.

The Boston Pilot newspaper ran "searching for…" notices for nearly a century. The newspaper essentially acted as a missing persons bureau. The notices were published in a column called "Missing Friends" and became a standing feature in the paper. Begun as a public service to readers both here and in Ireland, and maintained from 1831 to 1916, the column describes thousands of 19th-century immigrants by such key identifying information as name, county, townland, and parish of origin; time of emigration; ports of exit and entry; destination in North America; occupation’ age; and names of other family members.

The advertisements arose from necessity. In the transition to life in America, families were separated, addresses were lost or confused, and many of the newcomers simply disappeared into the vastness of the "promised land." Susan Reynolds, for example, sought two lost daughters. A native of county Westmeath, she lived on East Street in Boston in 1847 when she sought her daughter, Rose, who had disappeared while searching for her sister Mary. Mary was thought to be in Blackstone, Massachusetts.

The majority of Irish who came to America were likely to be young unmarried adults. In the period covered by this volume (when sixty-four percent of "missing friends" were siblings), half the total number of Irish emigrants traveled in family groups. This pattern peaked in the first half of the century and declined steadily after 1850. By the time of the First World War, married couples comprised only one-tenth of all Irish immigrants. Single persons were more mobile, more able to move about searching for work. Thus the Irish were ideally suited to nineteenth-century America's labor needs. Unfortunately for their descendants, however, single individuals tend to leave fewer records than married couples.

While these advertisements were usually intended to find a person living in America, Canada, or Australia, today those same ads have an opposite value: they often can identify the county or even the village of an Irish ancestor who may not have left any other clues about his or her origins. Even those who were never found by the notices in The Boston Pilot might be identified today. This CD-ROM provides a source of information not found elsewhere.

Software installation of this CD-ROM disk was simple, about the same as any other modern Windows program. The software is based upon Folio Views, a very popular package that is used in many genealogy CD-ROM disks. Once loaded, the CD-ROM disk operated in about the same manner as the other NEHGS CD-ROM disks that I have reviewed. That is, its use was intuitive at all times.

Simple searches worked almost instantly; type in a name, and all occurrences of that name are highlighted. The user can click on the "Next Hit" icon to jump from one occurrence of the name to the next. Of course, searching for common Irish surnames alone can produce thousands of "hits." My first search for the name Kelly produced far too many results to view in one sitting. Searching for a full name of "Bridget Kelly" did not help, as that actually found even more entries: all those for the name Kelly plus all those for the name Bridget. Luckily, the Advanced Query capability solved that dilemma.

The Advanced Query syntax helps you focus and refine your searches through the use of Boolean operators, wildcards, proximity operators, and scope limitations. It allows you to search for words in a wide variety of methods. You can search for the name "Bridget" that appears within three words of the name "Kelly" and within 50 words of the place name of "Boston." Such a search quickly produced this listing:

Of BRIDGET KELLY, a native of co. Longford, parish of Racline, and a child of 11 years, whose passages were paid last spring in Harnden & Co.'s line, and came with Christopher Martagh and family; sailed from Liverpool on the 26th of April last and supposed landed in Boston. Any information respecting them will be thankfully received by Thomas Kelly, Mt. Savage, Alleghany County, Maryland.

You can see from this one sample listing that the names of three immigrants are provided, as well as a reference to the origins in Ireland of one. Best of all, the information is easily copied to a word processor, genealogy program, or other application by using the normal Windows or Macintosh "copy and paste" functions.

Another listing of only two sentences provides a wealth of information for later genealogists:

Of MRS MOLONEY, (maiden name Mary Madden) of the green of Cashel [co. Tipperary], who is supposed to be living in Troy or Rondout, N Y. She will hear something to her advantage (from her brother Daniel in Australia) by addressing Wm Ryan, Mt Kemble, Morristown, N J.

This very brief listing gives the woman’s maiden name as well as her married name, her village in Ireland, her probable location in America, and the name of a brother living in Australia.

Many of the listings are poignant, such as the one above that appears to be a search for an 11-year-old girl separated from her family. Some of the searches ended happily, as in one case cited by the authors of this compilation:

Although it is rare to read of a successful search, it is sometimes possible to surmise success from other information. Such is the case with Margaret Finneron Dolan's search for her husband, John. A native of Taughmaconnell, county Roscommon, John was believed to be in St. John, New Brunswick, having arrived in America in April 1840. He left Margaret and their three children with no support. Unable to locate him, Margaret placed the advertisement in 1845, naming John Carberry of Mill Dam, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, as a contact person. The 1850 census lists a John Carbury, age 37, a laborer born in Ireland, living in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Massachusetts, and the 1850 Roxbury City Directory lists a John Carbury living on Parker Street and working in the soap works. The household consisted of Carbury and his wife, Margaret, age 35, and seven children, aged seven months to ten years; there is also a Patrick Kenney, 25, a laborer born in Ireland; an Andrew Sprill, 30, ditto; and Mary Sprill, 20, undoubtedly either Andrew's wife or sister. Apparently the Carburys, like the Irish in England, took in boarders. Possibly Margaret Dolan boarded with the Carburys and thus listed them as contacts. The Carburys, Sprills and Patrick Kenney were listed in the census as "persons over 20 years of age who cannot read and write." Thus the Pilot advertisements may well have reached, or were used by, immigrants who were illiterate. The 1849 and 1850 city directories list a John Dolan, laborer, living on Parker Street, near Prentiss, and thus near the Carbury family. These facts suggest that Margaret's advertisement may have been successful, and that after finding each other the Dolans became neighbors of the Carburys. (There were several John Dolans listed after 1850 at other addresses in Roxbury, but it is unclear which, if any, pertain to this particular family.)

Ruth-Ann M. Harris and B. Emer O'Keefe have created a great reference that is valuable for thousands of Irish descendants. Some of this material has been printed in the past. However, the new CD-ROM edition is much smaller, cheaper, and far easier to search.

Michael J. Leclerc, Doug Sisko, Carolyn Sheppard Oakley, D. Brenton Simons, and the other staff members of the New England Historic Genealogical Society are to be congratulated for making this excellent reference available in electronic format.

If you have elusive Irish ancestors whose origins in the old country have not yet been determined, you will want to check "The Search for Missing Friends – Irish Immigrant Advertisements Placed in The Boston Pilot, 1831-1920." Your ancestor might be listed there, either as the one who placed a notice or as one being sought. In either case, this CD-ROM often provides clues that often are not available elsewhere. No Irish family historian can be without this research tool!

This CD-ROM disk requires at least 2 megabytes of hard disk space and a 4-speed or faster CD-ROM drive. Windows users will require a modern monitor with at least 800x600 pixel display; 32 bit color or higher; a Pentium I processor or better; Windows 95, 98, NT or 2000; and 32mb RAM (64mb recommended). Macintosh users will require System 7.5 or higher and 40mb RAM (64mb recommended). Note that Folio will not run on System OS X.

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The following is an announcement from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints:

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Dave Birley also experimented with the new databases and posted his experiences on a message board. Dave kindly gave me permission to publish his comments in this newsletter:

My thanks to Dave Birley for sharing his experiences.

As I mentioned in the previous article, if you find a person of interest in the online index, you certainly will want to look at an image of the original record to find all the available information. Family relationships usually are detailed in the original records, even if the information is not available in the GEDCOM files you download.

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In another announcement, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has announced that the popular International Genealogical Index now has additional features and data:

A new version of the International Genealogical Index is now available on the FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service (FamilySearch Internet). This new version contains the following enhancements:

• More Names. More names have been added to the index. These names were received since the last release in January 2000.
• Regular updates. The index will be updated as new information is received. Note: There are no current plans to update the International Genealogical Index on compact disc.
• Individuals linked into families. Some individuals are linked into families and can be displayed on family groups and pedigree charts. The number of linked individuals is relatively small but is expected to grow significantly in the future. You can also download family group records and pedigree charts.
• Additional event information. All events that were in original user submissions are now displayed and can be used as search criteria.
• Improved searching. You can now search the index by given name, surname and state, and more types of events, even across regions. The processes used to find individuals in spite of spelling and other differences in the name have also been improved.
• Information to describe the source. When you display an individual’s records, you will see messages that describe the source of the information.

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The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration has had an online catalog system on the agency’s Web site for some years. The catalog and index system was called the NARA's Archival Information Locator, or NAIL for short. NAIL served genealogists and others well, but now a new system with more data and better search capabilities has replaced it.

The Archival Research Catalog (ARC) is the new online catalog of NARA's nationwide holdings in the Washington, DC area, Regional Archives and Presidential Libraries. You can still search by keyword, digitized image, and location in much the same manner as you did in NAIL. ARC's advanced functionalities also allow you to search by organization, person, or topic. Additionally, ARC will represent a greater percentage of archival materials from Washington, DC, the Regional Records Services facilities, and the Presidential Libraries.

The ARC presently includes descriptions of:

• 38 architectural and engineering drawings series with 15 architectural and engineering drawings items
• 10 artifact series with 58 artifact items
• 1 data file series
• 771 film/video or sound recording series with 99,130 film/video items and 39,737 sound recording items
• 122 map and chart series with 336 map and chart items
• 3,090 still picture series with 58,774 still picture items
• 3,126 textual series with 47,287 textual file units and 292,286 textual items

In addition, some archival materials have been digitized and are available through ARC. The digitized items include:

• 15 architectural and engineering drawings items
• 58 artifact items
• 308 maps and charts
• 57,786 still pictures
• 15,005 textual documents

Currently, the amount of archival materials described in ARC represents roughly 13% of the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration. That number will continue to grow.

ARC contains a lot of information of interest to genealogists, including information about Federal employees, some court cases, and some alien applications. However, anyone researching Native American ancestry will find a wealth of information available, including:

• 1896 Citizenship Applications: 9,618 applications received by the Dawes Commission have been digitized.
• Dawes Commission applications: This includes descriptions of 64,177 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole applications for enrollment to the Five Civilized Tribes Dawes Commission between 1898 and 1914. (There is no description in ARC relating to the fifth tribe - Choctaw.) Please note: 10,874 of the 64,177 application descriptions have digital copies attached to them. Many of the descriptions share the same digitized image(s).
• Final Rolls of the Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory: All 634 pages of the document have been digitized. The document lists the names of the individuals who were allowed on the tribal rolls by the Dawes Commission.
• Index to the Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory: All 635 pages of the document have been digitized. The document lists the names of the individuals who were allowed on the tribal rolls by the Dawes Commission.
• Index to Applications Submitted for the Eastern Cherokee Roll of 1909 (Guion-Miller Roll): All 343 pages of the index have been digitized. The index includes the names of all persons applying for compensation arising from the judgment of the United States Court of Claims on May 28, 1906, for the Eastern Cherokee tribe.
• Wallace Roll of Cherokee Freedmen in Indian Territory, 1890: All 196 pages of the document have been digitized. The document is a schedule of names of Cherokee freedmen created by Special Agent John W. Wallace. Individuals on the schedule were entitled to share with the Shawnee and Delaware in the per capita distribution of $75,000, appropriated by Congress in October 1888, and issued under the supervision of his office.
• Kern-Clifton Roll of Cherokee Freedmen, January 16, 1867: All 202 pages of the document have been digitized. The digitized document is a census of freedmen of the Cherokee Nation and their descendants.

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The following is an announcement from JewishGen:

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RootsBooks.com is an online genealogy bookstore that I recently created to help genealogists expand their knowledge of our favorite pastime – or maybe ignite a genealogy spark in family or friends. This new Web site provides a "one stop" shopping place for all the more popular genealogy books of our time. It features publications from all the major publishers, including Genealogical Publishing Company, Clearfield Company, F & W Publications, MyFamily.com, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John Wiley & Sons (noted for the "Dummies" books), Alpha Books (noted for the "Complete Idiot's" guides), Reader's Digest Association, Houghton Mifflin, Doubleday & Company, Simon & Schuster, Avotaynu, and the Public Record Office.

Books available now at RootsBooks.com include:

• First Steps in Genealogy by Desmond Walls Allen
• Evidence!: Citation & Analysis for the Family Historian by Elizabeth Shown Mills
• Black Roots: A Beginner's Guide to Tracing the African-American Family Tree by Tony Burroughs
• Finding Answers in U.S. Census Records by Loretto D. Szucs and Matthew Wright
• Family Tree Maker for Dummies by Matthew L. Helm and April Leigh Helm
• Genealogy Online for Dummies by Matthew L. Helm and April Leigh Helm
• Complete Beginner's Guide to Genealogy, the Internet, and Your Genealogy Computer Program by Karen Clifford
• and much, much more

You will note that most books are sold at a 10% to 20% discount from list prices. In fact, many of the books are sold on RootsBooks.com at lower prices than those available on the publishers’ own Web sites. Orders may be shipped anywhere in the world. Shipping to U.S. locations is available at the buyer’s choice via standard ground, UPS Select, 2^nd Day Air, or Overnight Delivery.

RootsBooks.com is affiliated with Barnes & Noble, one of America’s most trusted retailers. All orders are entered into a safe and secure Web-based shopping cart system. Safe shopping is guaranteed. Best of all, this shopping cart system will also notify you via e-mail when your order has been received and again when it has been shipped.

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This week I had a chance to attend a slide show presentation of an archeological dig in South Berwick, Maine. The relics recovered from the site of the Humphrey Chadbourn home have given his descendants a rare picture of their ancestor’s life. The rest of us can benefit as well, as this archaeological effort provides new details about 17^th century American life.

William Chadbourn, born 1582 in Tamworth, Warwickshire, England, came to the New World on the ship "Pied Cow," landing on 8 July 1634. Within a few years, his sons William and Humphrey and daughter Patience arrived. Patience married Thomas Spencer. Humphrey married Lucy Treworgye.

Humphrey Chadbourn built a sawmill and a home at Salmon Falls in what is now South Berwick, Maine, a short distance from today’s border with New Hampshire. The sawmill flourished, and so did the fortune of Humphrey Chadbourn. The house was one of the largest in the area, and a number of outbuildings were constructed. Despite hostile Indians in the area, Chadbourn lived the life of a successful businessman and became one of the wealthiest men in New England.

In 1667, Humphrey Chadbourn wrote a lengthy will, detailing the disbursement of his property upon his death. Chadbourn died soon thereafter, and an extensive inventory of his estate was immediately conducted. That inventory survived and has been transcribed. Family members apparently continued to live in the house following Chadbourn’s death.

In the spring of 1690 a combined Indian and French force attacked Salmon Falls, killing and taking captive many friends and neighbors of the Chadbourns. No document survives to tell us exactly what happened to the homestead, or when it was destroyed, but all evidence suggests it was destroyed during the Salmon Falls raid. The homestead site has remained empty and undisturbed ever since.

Since the site was discovered in 1995, Professor Tad Baker of Salem State College has led a team of archaeologists and volunteers to conduct an archaeological "dig" every summer. The volunteers have included several members of the Chadbourne Family Association, most of them descendants of the family that built the house. The team has found well-preserved remains of this early homestead. To date, over 20,000 artifacts have been recovered. These broken bits of the past have no monetary value, but they are truly priceless to archaeologists for they tell us about everyday life in early Maine. Most are every-day sort of items, such as hand-forged nails, window glass, bits of stew bones, or clay pipe stems. Buttons, a spur, an ax blade, a hammer head, part of a saw blade, a chisel, and other tools all reveal details of daily life for the Chadbourn family.

One unique facet of this archeological dig is the availability of the inventory of Humphrey Chadbourn’s estate made in 1667. Very few archaeological digs are conducted with a "shopping list" in hand of the items to be found! The inventory has been invaluable at identifying many of the artifacts uncovered.

The Chadbourne Family Association is fortunate in being able to excavate an immigrant’s homestead site, complete with an inventory in hand of the items expected to be there. The efforts have produced 20,000 artifacts, apparently all possessions of their ancestor. How many of us wish we had the same opportunity to discover the details of an immigrant ancestor’s daily life?

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The following is an announcement from the U.S. National Genealogical Society:

Genealogists will meet in St. Louis, Missouri, 22–24 January 2004 for the 11th GENTECH conference. This conference will Preserve the Past and Explore the Future of technology and genealogy. Proposals for this conference are due on or before 15 February 2003.

In 2004 St. Louis will celebrate the anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lewis and Clark started their great expedition at the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, just a few miles north of downtown St. Louis. As they began their adventure, the explorers certainly did not know the long-term impact of their adventure, nor did they have a GPS system!

In holding with the mission of GENTECH, we invite lecture proposals on topics that address the intersection of genealogy and technology, and especially on the following specific topics:

• genealogical software
• fundamentals for the novice
• companion software
• tools for the advanced
• data management
• pushing the envelope
• Internet subjects
• librarian workshop

• title of the presentation
• brief outline including a short summary (forty words or less)
• brief speaker biography for the program
• audio/visual requirements for each lecture
• speaker name, address, telephone, fax, and email address
• list of previous lecture experience

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The following is an announcement from the National Institute for Genealogical Studies:

To discuss this story further, please visit the newsletter message board at http://www.RootsForum.com and click on "Message Board."

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The stark realities of today’s world sometimes intrude in unexpected ways. The following is an excerpt from CNN’s list of those killed recently by the snipers in the Washington, D.C. area:

James D. Martin

James D. Martin, a program analyst at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was standing in the parking lot of a Wheaton, Maryland, grocery store when he was killed October 2. He was there to buy groceries for his church.

The 55-year-old was an amateur genealogist and a Civil War buff. He is survived by his wife and an 11-year-old son.

My thanks to Roger Barnes for letting me know about this sad news.

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These last few days before Halloween seem to be an appropriate time to reflect upon the horrors in our history associated with the subject of witches – along with a "haunting" twist for you. The most infamous witchcraft scare in the United States occurred in Salem, Massachusetts. In 1692, 134 people were accused of witchcraft. Twenty-four of them died as accused witches; nineteen of them were hanged, one man was pressed to death, and four others died in jail awaiting trial. Despite popular folklore, none of the Salem witches was ever burned at the stake.

Actually, the witch-hunt started in Salem Village, not in Salem Town. Boundary lines were redrawn in later years, and what was once known as Salem Village has since become part of the town of Danvers. Only 10 the 134 who were accused and were held in Salem's Jail were from Salem Town. The complete count was:

Andover..........38
Boxford.............2
Boston...............1
Amesbury..........1
Billerica..............6
Beverly...............6
Charlestown.......3
Chelmsford.........1
Gloucester..........3
Haverhill.............3
Great Island........1
Marblehead........2
Lynn...................7
Malden................1
Reading...............4
Rowley................1
Romney Marsh (today called Revere)..1
Salisbury.............1
Salem.................10
Salem Village (today part of Danvers and Peabody)..30
Topsfield & Ipswich...7
Wells, Maine..........1
Woburn................3

This notoriety has created a business opportunity for present-day merchants of Salem, Massachusetts. Each year the town seems to become a tourist Mecca, peddling tourist schlock associated with Halloween. In fact, the town is proclaimed as the "Witch City," a slogan that appears even on the town’s police cars. The town also seems to attract many people who believe in the occult; the city of 38,000 people claims to be host to 2,000 practicing witches.

We sometimes paint mental images of distant ancestors as kind and gentle people. Unfortunately, history teaches us that the citizens of the 1600s were often cruel to their own neighbors. Hanging seems like a horrible way to die, but Giles Cory suffered an even worse fate. During his trial, Cory refused to stand or to even acknowledge the proceedings in the courtroom. He was found guilty, and the penalty for refusing to stand for trial was pressing under heavy stones.

On September 19, 1692, the elderly Corey was stripped naked, a board placed upon his chest (some accounts claim that it was the front door from his house), and then, while his neighbors watched, six men lifted heavy stones, placing them one by one on his stomach and chest. Giles Corey did not cry out, which perplexed Sheriff Corwin, whose duty it was to squeeze a confession from the old man.

"Do you confess?" the Sheriff cried over and over. More and more rocks were piled onto him, and from time to time, the Sheriff would stand on the boulders staring down at Corey's bulging eyes. Robert Calef, who was a witness along with other townsfolk, later said, "In the pressing, Giles Corey's tongue was pressed out of his mouth; the Sheriff, with his cane, forced it in again."

Three mouthfuls of bread and water were fed to the old man during his two and a half days of pain. Finally, Giles Corey cried out at Sheriff Corwin, "Damn you. I curse you and Salem!" Giles Corey died a few seconds later. Giles' wife, Martha, was hanged at Gallows Hill three days later.

Robert E. Cahill, former Essex County Sheriff and Keeper of the Salem Jail, wrote a book in the 1970s about the Salem Witch Trials. Sheriff Cahill points out that Giles’ curse may have had an effect on Sheriff Corwin and all of his successors. In his book, Cahill claims that all the High Sheriffs of Essex County from Corwin in the 1690s through modern times either died in office from heart problems or retired with an ailment of the blood. Cahill did not offer citations to prove his claims, however. After writing those words in his book, Sheriff Cahill himself was forced into retirement in 1978 following a heart attack and stroke. He was also diagnosed as suffering from a rare blood disease.

Most of the witches accused at Salem had children. Hundreds of thousands of people today can claim descent from the witches of Salem. For instance, it is estimated that Rebecca Nourse, just one of the victims put to death unjustly, has more than 30,000 living descendants. Alison D'Amario, Director of Education at the Salem Witch Museum said, "There are many descendants of those accused during the Salem witch trials still living in the Salem area and actually around the country." As to what their descendants think of their ancestors, D'Amario observed, "We get many requests from them concerning information about their ancestors."

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The PR Budget for this newsletter is $0.00. I rely upon "word of mouse" advertising in which you recommend this newsletter to your friends. This newsletter is a private project of mine, and I have a zero budget for a publicity campaign to get more readers.

Thanks.

COPYRIGHTS:

The contents of this newsletter are copyright by Richard W. Eastman with the following exception:

Many of the articles published in these newsletters contain quotes or references from others, especially from other Web sites, software user’s manuals, press releases and other public announcements. Any words in this newsletter attributed to another person or organization remain the copyrighted materials of the original author(s).

You are hereby granted rights, unless otherwise specified, to re-distribute articles from this newsletter to other parties provided:

1. You do so strictly for non-commercial purposes
2. You may not republish any articles containing words attributed to another person or organization until you obtain permission from that person or organization. While you do have permission to republish words written by Richard W. Eastman, you do not have automatic authority to republish words written by others, even if their words appear in this newsletter.

Also, please include the following statement with any articles you re-distribute:

The following article is from Eastman’s Online Genealogy Newsletter and is copyright 2002 by Richard W. Eastman. It is re-published here with the permission of the author.

Thank you for your cooperation.

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