“Beer is living proof that God loves us and wants to see us happy.” – Benjamin Franklin

“Wine is necessary for life.” – Thomas Jefferson

“My manner of living is plain…a glass of wine and a bit of mutton.” – George Washington

According to many historians, the American Revolution was built on a foundation of booze. Our ancestors imbibed frequently, often every day. It is estimated that there were more taverns per capita than any other business in colonial America. In fact, the Colonial Williamsburg web site says:

Colonial Americans, at least many of them, believed alcohol could cure the sick, strengthen the weak, enliven the aged, and generally make the world a better place. They tippled, toasted, sipped, slurped, quaffed, and guzzled from dawn to dark.

Many started the day with a pick-me-up and ended it with a put-me-down. Between those liquid milestones, they also might enjoy a midmorning whistle wetter, a luncheon libation, an afternoon accompaniment, and a supper snort. If circumstances allowed, they could ease the day with several rounds at a tavern.

Alcohol lubricated such social events as christenings, weddings, funerals, trials, and election-day gatherings, where aspiring candidates tempted voters with free drinks. Craftsmen drank at work, as did hired hands in the fields, shoppers in stores, sailors at sea, and soldiers in camp. Then, as now, college students enjoyed malted beverages, which explains why Harvard had its own brewery. In 1639, when the school did not supply sufficient beer, President Nathaniel Eaton lost his job.

You can read the rest of the Colonial Williamsburg auricle at: https://research.colonialwilliamsburg.org/Foundation/journal/Holiday07/drink.cfm

In colonial times, Americans probably drank more alcohol that in any other era, certainly more than the national average today. In colonial America it is estimated that the average American drank eight ounces of alcohol a day. Americans drank beer and cider with breakfast; rum and wine with dinner; claret, ratafias (a fortified wine or a fruit-based beverage), creams, punches, and other concoctions in the evening.

The first settlers brought with them the English tradition of beer drinking. Even during the famous 1620 voyage of Pilgrims on board the Mayflower, beer saved the voyage. The water aboard ship reportedly become brackish and potentially deadly while the beer on board remained drinkable. The latter part of the voyage kept sailors and passengers alike happy with a good supply of beer. We tend to think of the Pilgrims as sober-faced, upright people who avoided fun at all times, but they obviously packed a lot of beer on board before embarking on a lengthy trip aboard the very crowded 110-foot Mayflower.

The Pilgrims were planning to go to Virginia but ended up in Massachusetts, landing on a cold, snowy, wind-blown coast on December 19, 1620. The change in plans apparently was caused by the lack of water and the dwindling supply of beer on board the ship. Captain Christopher Jones recognized the need to preserve the dwindling stocks for his sailors on the return journey (which would be far too dangerous to undertake until the following spring), and so the passengers were encouraged to land near the top of Cape Cod. Jones knew that the fresh water found in Massachusetts would be insufficient for the return voyage. First, the water might go bad on the return voyage; secondly, he and his sailors were not accustomed to drinking water. 

These instructions to keep beer on board the Mayflower for the return trip did not go down well with the Pilgrims. William Bradford complained that he and his companions "were hastened ashore and made to drink water, that the seamen might have the more beer." Pilgrim William Wood complained that he did not dare drink the water in the wilderness, preferring beer. He wrote his opinion of fresh water: "I dare not prefere it before good beere." (See Wellsprings: A Natural History of Bottled Spring Waters by Frank Chapelle). 

The Pilgrims in Massachusetts were not the first Europeans in North America to enjoy alcohol. The Dutch also had a functioning brewery in what is now Lower Manhattan by 1613, beating the Mayflower immigrants, who would not have anything resembling a formal brewhouse until at least 1621. Even before that, the Roanoke colony tried brewing with corn as early as 1584 (obviously before going missing).

A quick Google search finds that our founding fathers were heavily involved with alcohol, sometimes as brewers and distillers, sometimes as importers and smugglers, and almost always as consumers:

George Washington owned a whiskey distillery: http://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/distillery/

Thomas Jefferson imported thousands of bottles of wine: https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/wine 

John Hancock smuggled hundreds of barrels of strong Portuguese Madeira into the colonies—an act that would cause his ship to be seized and lead to a riot and the burning of a British customs boat on Boston Common: http://www.john-hancock-heritage.com/the-liberty-affair/

While I cannot verify the authenticity of this quote, one claimed common saying from the 1700s says, “If I take a settler after my coffee, a cooler at nine, a bracer at ten, a whetter at eleven, and two or three stiffeners during the forenoon, who has right to complain?”

Please pass that bottle, will you?

As a parent, finding books for your children to read either on their own or with you can be an expensive undertaking. In addition to the price of books (for all ages) going up year after year, it can also be an increasingly difficult proposition to find a place to put them all. That's why it's good news for parents everywhere that Google is just giving away digital kids' books.

Wait, how many books?

Google dropped the news today that it had made over 300 non-fiction children's books available on its Google Play Books platform. What's even more of a pleasant surprise is that all of these titles will have the option to read and listen at the same time. Reading a book while listening to it is a tried and tested method of assisting children with their reading comprehension and decoding skills.

In addition to this massive book drop, Google also announced that it had put thousands of audiobook previews on its YouTube channel. Although these previews were already available on the Android and iOS mobile apps, I have a feeling that more people are browsing YouTube than are browsing Google Play Books. It's also worth noting that when it comes to audio books, the narration is just as important as the plot, so having a preview is a vital part of making an informed purchase.

You can read a lot more about all this at: https://bit.ly/3UNWxHu.

The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society’s (NYG&B) Church of the Transfiguration records are the newest, large-scale, searchable edition to their online collections. This ongoing project has been part of their Digitize New York initiative to preserve and make accessible at-risk historical records. The Church of the Transfiguration collection consists of tens of thousands of marriage records spanning nearly 200 years.

Marriage certificates and register books organized by year for the Episcopalian parish located at 1 East 29th Street, New York, NY. While both record types can be browsed by clicking on each year, the marriage certificates can also be searched using the search box.

On May 9, from 1 until 2 pm ET, NYG&B will host an online webinar “Debuting Church of the Transfiguration Marriage Records” on how to search this new collection and what’s coming next. This is a free event but registration here is required.

You can read more in an article in the newyorkalmanack web site at: https://bit.ly/3JOX6KY.

Happy Star Wars Day!

Perhaps I should say, "May the Fourth Be With You."

Star Wars Day is a (very) informal commemorative day observed annually on May 4th to celebrate George Lucas's Star Wars media franchise. Observance of the day has  spread quickly through media and grassroots celebrations since the franchise began in 1977.

The date of May 4th originated from the pun "May the Fourth be with you", a variant of the popular Star Wars catchphrase "May the Force be with you". Even though the holiday was not created or declared by Lucasfilm, many Star Wars fans across the world have chosen to celebrate the holiday. It has since been embraced by Lucasfilm and parent company Disney as an annual celebration of Star Wars.

The first recorded reference was the phrase being first used on May 4, 1979, the day Margaret Thatcher took the job as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. An online news article from the Danish public broadcaster says her political party, the Conservatives, placed a congratulatory advertisement in The London Evening News, saying "May the Fourth Be with You, Maggie. Congratulations."

Of course, that  reference to May 4, 1979 has nothing to do with Star Wars. However, why let that stand in the way of a good promotion?

Perhaps a better reference is that on May 4th, 2015, astronauts in the International Space Station watched the Star Wars. 

Whatever the reason, I would like to wish you and Anakin Skywalker a Happy Star Wars Day!

By the way, the next day, May 5th is Cinco de Mayo in Mexico but is also known as "Revenge of the Fifth" day in a galaxy not so far away.

The following is a Plus Edition article written by and copyright by Dick Eastman.

How many ancestors do you have? 

It is a simple question and would appear to have a simple answer: Any of us can count the number of our ancestors by performing a very obvious mathematical progression: two parents, four grandparents, eight great-grandparents, and so forth. In the past twenty generations, you have a mathematical chance of having more than one million ancestors. Thirty generations produces more than a billion ancestors, and forty generations results in more than one trillion.

The calculation is correct from a mathematical viewpoint but it ignores one obvious fact: there have never been that many humans on the face of the earth since the dawn of evolution! The reality is that it is impossible to have one trillion unique ancestors, regardless of the mathematics involved. 

In reality, we all have multiple lines of descent from single individuals. That is, if you could fill out a pedigree chart of all the names of all your ancestors going back forty generations, you would see the same individuals appearing time and time again in various places in the chart. For example, your mother's great-great-grandfather might be the same person as your father's great-great-great-grandfather, and so on and so forth, repeated thousands of times with different individuals at different places in your family tree. The further back you go in time, the more often certain individuals will appear in multiple locations in your ancestry.

The correct term for this is "inbreeding." That's not a very polite word in the English language, but it is a fact: if you go back enough generations, every person on the face of the earth has hundreds or even thousands of cases of inbreeding in our family trees. When hearing the word "inbreeding," some people will picture the residents of remote mountain hamlets or rural farming communities. In fact, inbreeding is much more common at the opposite end of the social spectrum: the royal families of England and Europe have far more inbreeding than the rest of us. 

Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip were second cousins once removed, both being descended from Christian IX of Denmark. They were also third cousins as great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria. That results in obvious inbreeding when looking at Prince Charles' pedigree chart. 

Genealogists often prefer to use the phrase "pedigree collapse," a term first coined by the late Robert C. Gunderson, the Senior Royalty Research Specialist at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Gunderson correctly calculated that, if you kept multiplying by two the progenitors of a person born today, doubling his parents, their parents, etc., the person would have something like two hundred and eighty-one trillion forebears alive at the time of Charlemagne. Obviously, there were nowhere near that many people around when Charlemagne was King of France in 800 A.D., or at any other time. 

The remainder of this article is reserved for Plus Edition subscribers only. If you have a Plus Edition subscription, you may read the full article at: https://eogn.com/(*)-Plus-Edition-News-Articles/13352105. (A Plus Edition password is required to access that article.)

If you are not yet a Plus Edition subscriber, you can learn more about such subscriptions and even upgrade to a Plus Edition subscription immediately at https://eogn.com/page-18077. 

Genealogists frequently underestimate the necessity of citing their sources at the beginning, but quickly realize its significance.  Ultimately, at some point in the future, you will ask, "From where did I obtain that?" If you had the foresight to document the source citation when you recorded the other information, your question can be readily answered. Source citations have numerous applications in genealogy.

Cite This For Me is a complimentary software add-on for the Chrome web browser that instantly generates webpage citations in the APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard reference styles with a single click. To generate a properly styled citation, navigate to the desired page and click the button. Subsequently, duplicate and insert the reference into your assignment, or include it in your online bibliography for secure retention until a later time. Cite This For Me is equipped with a Google Chrome extension.

That’s impressive considering it's a FREE product!

The free version of Cite This For Me can be accessed at https://www.citethisforme.com/.

The Pittsburg County (Oklahoma) Genealogical and Historical Society offers a valuable resource for advanced reading called Genealogy Source Citations Quick Reference. It can be accessed at https://bit.ly/3gkaBBR. If you lack knowledge about source citations in genealogy, begin by referring to that document. 

Elizabeth Shown Mills has authored several comprehensive volumes on the subject of source citations in genealogy research. The sources for family historians include "Citation & Analysis for the Family Historian," "Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace," and "QuickSheet: Citing Genetic Sources for History Research: Evidence Style." To access all of these references, simply visit Amazon's website at https://amzn.to/314kiy3.

The following announcement was written by the folks at MyHeritage:

We are thrilled to announce the publication of three new and important historical records collections: New York City birth, marriage, and death records. These robust collections are some of the most important vital records in the U.S. available online today, and MyHeritage is the only genealogy company that hosts the index for these records with scanned images. After a year-long process of creating this brand new index, we are glad to share the collections with you. New York City has played a pivotal role in the story of the United States as a nation and in the personal stories of countless American families. If you have any American roots at all, chances are, at least one person in your family tree was born, got married, or died in New York City, and may be found within these collections.

Search New York City Births, 1866–1909 on MyHeritage 

Search New York City Marriages, 1866–1949 on MyHeritage

Search New York City Deaths, 1866–1948 on MyHeritage

The collections contain a total of 37.4 million records and include a complete index created by MyHeritage alongside beautifully scanned color images of the original certificates and licenses.

In addition to indexing millions of primary individuals in the records, we invested a lot of time and effort in making millions of secondary individuals indexed and searchable as well. For example, in marriage records, while the bride and groom are the primary individuals listed in the record, the parents of the bride and groom are secondary individuals that you wouldn’t typically find indexed for these types of records. But on MyHeritage, we made a special effort to index these individuals as well. That said, there are additional individuals — for example, witnesses of a marriage or the person reporting a death — who are mentioned in many of the records but not indexed, so it’s always wise to look at the scanned image.

Let’s delve further into these collections: 

New York, New York City Births, 1866–1909

This collection contains 7,560,069 birth records from New York City, New York, United States, between the years 1866 and 1909. Records typically include the name of the child, date and place of birth, the names of the parents, and information about their birth.

Search New York, New York City Births, 1866–1909

New York, New York City Marriages, 1866–1949

This collection contains 20,912,650 marriage records from New York City, New York, United States, between the years 1866 and 1949. Records typically include the names of the groom and the bride, their birth place, their ages, the date and place of marriage and the names of their parents.

There are two different types of marriage records within this collection: marriage certificates issued by the New York City Health Department and marriage licenses issued by the New York City Clerk.

The NYC department of health issued marriage certifications through 1937, and beginning in 1908, in compliance with New York State law, couples planning to marry obtained a license through the city clerk. The city clerk license typically included an affidavit filled out by the couple, the license issued by the clerk, and the certificate completed by the person performing the ceremony.

We consolidated the multiple marriage records for the same individuals and we put them together as a set, so if there are both a marriage certificate and a license (which would be found for the years 1908–1937) then you will see both as part of the same record. If there is only one or the other, you will see just the one. 

The information recorded in these two different types of records is mostly the same. However, the city clerk marriage licenses include additional information about the couples’ parents and occupations, which can be extremely helpful. 

Search New York, New York City Marriages, 1866–1949

New York, New York City Deaths, 1866–1948

This collection contains 8,893,688 death records from New York City, New York, United States, between the years 1866 and 1948. Records typically include the name of the deceased, date and place of birth, age at the time of death, date and place of death, the names of the parents and the name of the spouse.

Search New York, New York City Deaths, 1866–1948

Examples

In a recent webinar about New York City historical record collections, hosted on Legacy Family Webinars, our Director of Content, Mike Mansfield delved into the new New York City’s birth, marriage, and death records, and featured some examples.

Each of the examples highlights the wealth of information contained within New York City’s historical records. From births to marriages and deaths, these documents serve as invaluable resources for understanding the lives of past generations and tracing familial lineages.

You can read a lot more in this announcement in the MyHeritage Blog at: https://bit.ly/3UKmmZ9.

The following announcement was written by the folks at Findmypast:

This week, there are 30,587 brand new records to discover.

We've bolstered our global record collection this week with over 30 thousand records that span three continents. We've added 2,951 birth, marriage and death (BMD) records from British-occupied India, in addition to 25,988 New Zealand BMDs. 

If you've got Irish ancestors, you'll also be pleased to hear that we've added a brand new set of Limerick electoral registers, spanning 1760 to 1776.

New British India records

We've added 2,051 birth, baptism, marriage, death and burial records from British India, all from the year 1872.

British India Office Births

This Findmypast Friday, we added new records to this existing set. 

These transcriptions cover the year 1872.

British India Office Marriages 

We also added marriage records to our British India collection.

British India Office Death and Burials 

There are also new deaths and burials for you to explore. 

If you’ve got ancestors from India, you may just find a familiar name or two within this updated set.

Updated BMDs from New Zealand

We've also updated our New Zealand birth, marriage and death indexes this week, with almost 26,000 additions from 1924, 1944 and 1974.

Ireland, Limerick City & County Electoral Registers 1760-1776

There's also a brand new Irish record set to explore. 

These 2,548 new electoral register transcriptions cover the years 1760 to 1766.

Over 300,000 new pages...

This week we added 304,139 newspaper pages from across England, Scotland and Northern Ireland to our archive. 

New titles:

Updated titles:

Last week, we added over 20,000 new records - explore the full release for yourself today.

I must admit that I adore going to Barnes & Noble or any other huge bookstore and meandering around for an hour or more. I peruse the shelves for things that interest me. I frequently discover other books that I had no interest in until I spotted the book on the shelf. Unfortunately, I believe such "browsing trips" will become a thing of the past before many more years pass.

One prevalent forecast is that most restaurants and grocery shops will always be substantial "brick and mortar" retail establishments. However, many other retail stores will either downsize or disappear totally. I'm sad that bookstores are dwindling to small places in strip malls, but I believe the predictions are right.

Operating a Barnes & Noble or any other huge bookshop must be very expensive. I don't have any numbers, but it obviously costs a lot of money to rent retail space, as well as provide heat, air conditioning, lights, shelving, retail point-of-sale computers (we used to call those cash registers years ago), employee wages, parking, and all of the other expenses associated with any retail operation. That only covers the store and does not include the cost of a single book.

Next, factor in the cost of books to be kept in inventory. Whether Barnes and Noble produces the books themselves (which is rare) or buys them from publishers, the cost of printing and distributing them can be enormous. 

A typical 200-page, 5.5 x 8.5-inch, black-and-white paperback book costs the publisher approximately $4 to produce, provided the printer makes at least a few hundred copies. For successful novels published in large quantities, the cost can be reduced to as little as $3 per volume. Hardcover books are more expensive, and adding a dust cover raises the price even higher. When you add in the author's payment (typically 50 cents to a dollar per book), the cost of marketing the book, the cost of packaging the books and shipping them to a retailer, and any other expenses incurred by the publisher and printer, you can see why books purchased at a local bookstore are so expensive. When you add the printer/publisher charges to the local store's overhead, it's no surprise that most books in retail stores cost between $10 and $30.

Of fact, millions of people have already recognized the numerous advantages of e-publishing. Consumers who buy a Kindle, iPad, or Android tablet discover that they can buy and read books much more readily than before. Prices can be lower at times, but not always. Most publishers aim to sell their books at "whatever the market will bear," therefore e-books remain significantly more expensive than the minimum required to cover electronic "printing" and distribution costs. One reason Amazon, Apple, and many others have invested heavily in e-books is the high profit margins! Many book publishers discover that selling e-books generates higher earnings than selling printed books.

These high prices will not persist indefinitely. High volume firms with little overhead expenses inevitably result in cheaper prices.

As much as I enjoy e-publishing and the capacity to store hundreds of books on a little tablet computer, I must say that I still miss paper books. Based on feedback from newsletter subscribers, I assume many others feel the same way. Many of us would buy printed books if they were reasonably priced and available instantly. Waiting for the mailman or the UPS driver is not a popular activity in a society that values rapid satisfaction.

A new business model promises to transform the publishing, distribution, and retail processes of books. In short, customers can now "have their cake and eat it too." That is, we may purchase printed books on almost any topic of interest within minutes of visiting a store, even if the store is not the size of an airplane hanger.

Instead of being limited to Nooks, Kindles, and other e-readers, new on-demand printing solutions like the Espresso Book Machine can print a book in minutes.

Instead of entering a store the size of an airplane hanger, imagine a future bookstore roughly the size of today's Starbucks. The store owners will not have to spend hundreds of dollars on shelving (which will eventually be passed on to customers in the form of higher prices); instead, the new store will have a few shelves that may display a few of today's most popular books, as well as a coffee shop and a few machines in the back.

The machines in the back of the store will be Espresso Book Machines or similar. The Espresso Book Machine is not new. I originally wrote about these machines over 18 years ago, in the October 2006 issue of my newsletter. I went on to write further articles over the years. You may learn more about Espresso Book Machines on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso_Book_Machine. 

Using the "print a book while the customer waits" machinery enables for a large inventory of available books, even in a tiny business. Books may be digitally stored on big hard drives on a server in the back of the store. However, I believe it is more practical to store a few million volumes on servers in a company's home office and then connect every print-on-demand printer to the Internet. 

If a consumer requests a little-known "Persifor Frazer in Glasslough, Ireland, and his son, John Frazer of Philadelphia, 1735-1765," the bookshop machine operator can download the book in a minute or two and print it in another five minutes. The consumer then pays for the book and walks out with a printed copy under his arm.

NOTE: You can download that book now at http://www.archive.org/details/persiforfrazersd01fraz. However, you will need to either print it or copy it to your e-reader. Printing it on your home printer will most likely cost more in paper and ink than what the store charges for printing. Then you must determine whether and how to collate the book and bind the pages together. Even a 3-ring binder will cost about the same as a printed and bound paperback book purchased from a future retailer.

Coffee cafes have already been popular in bookstores. I do not expect it to alter. Indeed, under the new way of "print a book while the customer waits," providing a cup of coffee to a waiting customer may be an appealing service that attracts additional customers to the store. 

Where will the future bookstore get its books? Let's divide the answer into two categories: books that are no longer copyrighted and novels that are copyright protected.

Books that are no longer in copyright

Millions of non-copyrighted books are now available electronically. Archive.org (https://archive.org/details/texts) claims to have 5 million books and objects from more than 1,500 selected collections. Open Library (https://openlibrary.org/) contains about 40 million records from a range of huge catalogs and individual donations, with more on the way. (The Open Library hosts the catalog, but many of the books are hosted elsewhere. Google Books (http://books.google.com) contains several million more books. Obviously, there is a lot of overlap, but the overall quantity of non-copyright books must be far greater than 40 million

Future bookstores could presumably just download books from one of the massive online sources. I believe the bookstore's main office will need to make agreements with each online repository (Archive.org, Open Library, and others) and pay a licensing price for each book downloaded, printed, and sold. To pick a random quantity, maybe the licensing cost for each printed and sold book is fifty cents. That may not seem like a lot of money, but 50 cents multiplied by a few million books can add up to a lot of money for each online book provider. The revenue gained may then be used to keep the servers running and to purchase and print more books.

Books that still have copyright protection

Barnes & Noble, as well as all other retailers, already understand how to deal with publishers. They may need to make addendums to current agreements, but all major book publishers will welcome an extra channel for selling books, particularly one that does not incur costs for printing, storage, packaging, or shipping printed books.

I also view this as beneficial to smaller publishers, including genealogical publishers. Genealogical Publishing Company (GPC), for example, publishes both new and reprinted publications that are no longer copyrighted. GPC and other companies establish deals with authors, spend a lot of money printing the books, and then have to store them for an extended period of time while they are sold to genealogists. A smaller publisher, like GPC, frequently needs to compete for shelf space in bookstores. When was the last time you saw a genealogy book on the shelves of a large bookshop in a nearby shopping center? Barnes & Noble and other huge retailers can only maintain in-demand books on their shelves. Specialty literature, particularly genealogical books, are frequently only accessible through special order. Having any genealogical book available in minutes at any bookstore must be an excellent marketing opportunity for Genealogical Publishing Company, and other genealogy publishers.

Other issues:

Author payments

Selling books on demand, whether as printed books in stores or as e-books on the Internet, should not influence the writers' remuneration. A few famous authors earn large royalties, but the majority receive between 50 cents and $1 for each printed book sold. That figure should not alter for e-books or books printed using Espresso Book Machines or similar technology. The future bookstore will undoubtedly have to compensate the publisher for each book printed. The publisher, in turn, must reimburse each author in accordance with existing contracts. In fact, if a new distribution channel results in a significant rise in book sales, the authors will undoubtedly earn more money than ever before. 

Impact on Libraries

I see two benefits for libraries:

1. A library is not required to order, pay for, or shelve books in advance of a patron request. Instead of paying money up front in the hopes that someone will eventually check the book out, the library may wait until a patron requests a certain book and then print it using a Espresso Book Machine or similar printer within the library. The client could then take the newly printed book home in the usual way. When the book is returned, the library will most likely shelve it as usual, waiting for another user to request it.

2. Any library may effectively become a bookstore. Anyone might request a book, either as a library loan or for purchase. Each library would require a Espresso Book Machine or a similar printer. Upon request, the client could either borrow a book as a regular library loan or purchase it entirely. Book sales could help a library cover operating costs.

Yes, if the world transitions to small bookstores with Starbucks-sized storefronts, I will miss the chance to explore the books. However, I will replace that "loss" with the understanding that I can get as many printed books as I want or can afford, and at affordable costs. This will include both copyright-protected and unprotected literature. Books that are still copyrighted will certainly cost more since writers and publishers must be compensated. Nonetheless, the total cost of a "print on demand" book should be much lower than what we currently spend for a best seller at today's Barnes & Noble locations.

I'm looking forward to this new manner of purchasing printed books. I'll have a decaf coffee while I wait for my books to be printed, please. Then, maybe I'll stay at home and download the books to my iPad.

In October 1983, the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office (PBSO) responded to an incident at a canal west of Atlantic Boulevard near the intersection of US 441 and Acme Dairy Road in Palm Beach County, Florida. In the canal, investigators located the body of a deceased white female. The woman's body was discovered nude with a belt tied around her neck, and her throat had been cut. The Palm Beach County Medical Examiner determined that the woman was a victim of sexual battery and that she had been murdered.

Four days later on Oct. 25, 1983, the woman was identified as thirty-year-old Gayla Ann McNeil of Cocoa Beach, Florida. Investigators launched an investigation to identify the person responsible for McNeil’s death. Investigators learned that McNeil was walking south from coastal Brevard County, Florida to an unknown location in South Florida. On October 19, 1983, McNeil was stopped by police north of Palm Beach in Stuart, Florida. The next day, an officer with the Lake Worth Police Department questioned McNeil and reported that she was attempting to flag down cars on US Highway 1 in Lake Worth. Gayla reported that she was from Cocoa and was headed to Fort Lauderdale.

Gayla was last seen wearing blue jeans, a beige flannel shirt, and a brown sweatband around her head. She was carrying a clear plastic bag with clothing and a brown cutting board. Described as having a slender build, McNeil stood approximately 5'9" tall and weighed only around 100 pounds. She had medium length, dark brown hair.

Although forensic DNA technology did not exist at the time of McNeil’s murder, DNA evidence was collected at the scene of the crime and preserved for future testing. Throughout the course of the investigation, DNA technology was developed. In 2000, DNA from the crime scene was analyzed and an STR profile was developed and entered into the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), a consortium of local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence, and missing persons. There were no matches detected in the CODIS search. With all leads exhausted, a suspect was not identified, and the case remained cold.

You can read more about this story in an article in the forensicmag.com web site at: http://bit.ly/3WpZIXc.